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Glossary

Page A-10 Reference Guide: RX1290 H.264 Contribution Receiver

ST.RE.E10228.1

Pel Picture Element: Also known as a pixel. The smallest resolvable rectangular area of an

image either on a screen or stored in memory. On screen, pixels are made up of one or more

dots of colour. Monochrome and grey-scale systems use one dot per pixel. For grey-scale,

the pixel is energised with different intensities, creating a range from dark to light (a scale of

0-255 for an eight-bit pixel). Colour systems use a red, green and blue dot per pixel, each of

which is energised to different intensities, creating a range of colours perceived as the mixture

of these dots. If all three dots are dark, the result is black. If all three dots are bright, the result

is white.

PES Packetised Elementary Stream: A sequential stream of data bytes that has been converted

from original elementary streams of audio and video access units and transported as packets.

Each PES packet consists of a header and a payload of variable length and subject to a

maximum of 64 kbytes. A time-stamp is provided by the MPEG-2 systems layer to ensure

correct synchronisation between related elementary streams at the Decoder.

PID Packet Identifier: The header on a packet in an elementary data stream, which identifies that

data stream. An MPEG-2 / DVB standard.

PIN Personal Identification Number: A password used to control access to programming and to

set purchase limits. Each subscriber household can activate several PINs and may use them

to set individual parental rating or spending limits for each family member.

Pixel PIX (picture) Element: The digital representation of the smallest area of a television picture

capable of being delineated by the bit-stream. See Pel for more information.

pk-pk peak to peak: Measurement of a signal or waveform from its most negative point to its most

positive point.

PLL Phase-Locked Loop. A phase-locked loop is a control system which controls the rotation of

an object by comparing its rotational position (phase) with another rotating object as in the

case of a sine wave or other repeating signal. This type of control system can synchronise not

only the speed, but also the angular position of two waveforms that are not derived from the

same source.

PMT Program Map Table: Part of the MPEG-2 Program Specific Information (PSI) data and is

mandatory for MPEG-2 compliance. Each service has a PMT, which lists the component parts

(elementary streams of video, audio, etc.) for the various services being transmitted.

P-picture/P-frame A picture / frame produced using forward prediction. It contains predictions from either

previous I frames or previous P frames. The P frame is used as a reference for future P or B

frames.

ppm Parts per million.

PPV Pay Per View: A system of payment for viewing services based on a usage / event basis

rather than on on-going subscription. Subscribers must purchase viewing rights for each PPV

event that they wish to view. PPV events may be purchased as IPPV or OPPV.

Program PC - A sequence of instructions for a computer.

TV - A concept having a precise definition within ISO 13818-1 (MPEG-2). For a transport

stream, the timebase is defined by the PCR. The use of the PCR for timing information

creates a virtual channel within the stream.

Programme A linking of one or more events under the control of a broadcaster. For example, football

match, news, film show. In the MPEG-2 concept, the collection of elementary streams

comprising the programme, have a common start and end time. A series of programmes are

referred to as events.

Analogue Colour difference signals. Refer to C

for an explanation.

PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory: A device, which may be written once with data for

permanent storage, and then read whenever required. Special types of PROM permit the

erasure of all data by Ultraviolet light (EPROM) or by application of an electronic signal

(EEPROM).

PS Program Stream: A combination of one or more PESs with a common timebase.

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